COBOL & COBOL II
Q1) Name the divisions in a COBOL program ?.
A1) IDENTIFICATION DIVISION, ENVIRONMENT DIVISION, DATA DIVISION, PROCEDURE DIVISION.
Q2) What are the different data types available in COBOL?
A2) Alpha-numeric (X), alphabetic (A) and numeric (9).
Q3) What does the INITIALIZE verb do? - GS
A3) Alphabetic, Alphanumeric fields & alphanumeric edited items are set to SPACES. Numeric, Numeric edited items set to ZERO. FILLER , OCCURS DEPENDING ON items left untouched.
Q4) What is 77 level used for ?
.
subdivided themselves. com
Q5) What is 88 level used for ?
A5) For condition names.
Q6) What is level 66 used for ?
A6) For RENAMES clause.
A4) Elementary level item. Cannot be subdivisions of other items (cannot be qualified), nor can they be
Q7) What does the IS NUMERIC clause establish ?
A7) IS NUMERIC can be used on alphanumeric items, signed numeric & packed decimal items and unsigned numeric & packed decimal items. IS NUMERIC returns TRUE if the item only consists of 0-9. However, if the item being tested is a signed item, then it may contain 0-9, + and - .
Q8) How do you define a table/array in COBOL?
A8) ARRAYS.
05 ARRAY1 PIC X(9) OCCURS 10 TIMES.
05 ARRAY2 PIC X(6) OCCURS 20 TIMES INDEXED BY WS-INDEX.
Q9) Can the OCCURS clause be at the 01 level?
A9) No.
Q10) What is the difference between index and subscript? - GS
A10) Subscript refers to the array occurrence while index is the displacement (in no of bytes) from the
beginning of the
array. An index can only be modified using PERFORM, SEARCH & SET. Need to have index for a
table in order to
use SEARCH, SEARCH ALL.
Q11) What is the difference between SEARCH and SEARCH ALL? - GS
A11) SEARCH - is a serial search.
IBMMAINFRAMESSEARCH ALL - is a binary search & the table must be sorted ( ASCENDING/DESCENDING KEY
clause to be used & data loaded in this order) before using SEARCH ALL.
Q12) What should be the sorting order for SEARCH ALL? - GS
A12) It can be either ASCENDING or DESCENDING. ASCENDING is default. If you want the search
to be done on an
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array sorted in descending order, then while defining the array, you should give DESCENDING KEY clause. (You
must load the table in the specified order).
Q13) What is binary search?
A13) Search on a sorted array. Compare the item to be searched with the item at the center. If it matches, fine else repeat the process with the left half or the right half depending on where the item lies.
Q14) My program has an array defined to have 10 items. Due to a bug, I find that even if the program access the com
11th item in this array, the program does not abend. What is wrong with it?
A14) Must use compiler option SSRANGE if you want array bounds checking. Default is NOSSRANGE.
Q15) How do you sort in a COBOL program? Give sort file definition, sort statement syntax and meaning. - GS
A15) Syntax: SORT file-1 ON ASCENDING/DESCENDING KEY key.... USING . file-2 GIVING file-3.
IBMMAINFRAMES USING can be substituted by INPUT PROCEDURE IS para-1 THRU para-2 GIVING can be substituted by OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS para-1 THRU para-2.
file-1 is the sort (work) file and must be described using SD entry in FILE SECTION.
file-2 is the input file for the SORT and must be described using an FD entry in FILE SECTION and SELECT
clause in FILE CONTROL.
file-3 is the out file from the SORT and must be described using an FD entry in FILE SECTION and SELECT
clause in FILE CONTROL.
file-1, file-2 & file-3 should not be opened explicitly.
INPUT PROCEDURE is executed before the sort and records must be RELEASEd to the sort work file from the input procedure.
OUTPUT PROCEDURE is executed after all records have been sorted. Records from the sort work file must be RETURNed one at a time to the output procedure.
Q16) How do you define a sort file in JCL that runs the COBOL program?
A16) Use the SORTWK01, SORTWK02,..... dd names in the step. Number of sort datasets depends on the volume of data
being sorted, but a minimum of 3 is required.
Q17) What is the difference between performing a SECTION and a PARAGRAPH? - GS
A17) Performing a SECTION will cause all the paragraphs that are part of the section, to be performed. Performing a PARAGRAPH will cause only that paragraph to be performed.
Q18) What is the use of EVALUATE statement? - GS
A18) Evaluate is like a case statement and can be used to replace nested Ifs. The difference between EVALUATE and
case is that no 'break' is required for EVALUATE i.e. control comes out of the EVALUATE as soon as one match is
made.
Q19) What are the different forms of EVALUATE statement?
A19)
EVALUATE EVALUATE SQLCODE ALSO FILE-STATUS
WHEN A=B AND C=D WHEN 100 ALSO '00'
imperative stmt imperative stmt
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WHEN (D+X)/Y = 4 WHEN -305 ALSO '32'
imperative stmt imperative stmt
WHEN OTHER WHEN OTHER
imperative stmt imperative stmt
END-EVALUATE END-EVALUATE
EVALUATE SQLCODE ALSO A=B EVALUATE SQLCODE ALSO TRUE
WHEN 100 ALSO TRUE WHEN 100 ALSO A=B
imperative stmt imperative stmt
WHEN -305 ALSO FALSE WHEN -305 ALSO (A/C=4)
imperative stmt imperative stmt
END-EVALUATE END-EVALUATE
Q20) How do you come out of an EVALUATE statement? - GS
A20) After the execution of one of the when clauses, the control is automatically passed on to the next
sentence after the .
EVALUATE statement. There is no need of any extra code.
com
Q21) In an EVALUATE statement, can I give a complex condition on a when clause?
A21) Yes.
Q22) What is a scope terminator? Give examples.
A22) Scope terminator is used to mark the end of a verb e.g. EVALUATE, END-EVALUATE; IF, END-
IF.
Q23) How do you do in-line PERFORM? - GS
A23) PERFORM ...
END-PERFORM
Q24) When would you use in-line perform?
A24) When the body of the perform will not be used in other paragraphs. If the body of the perform is a
generic type of code
(used from various other places in the program), it would be better to put the code in a separate Para
and use
PERFORM Para name rather than in-line perform.
Q25) What is the difference between CONTINUE & NEXT SENTENCE ?
A25) They appear to be similar, that is, the control goes to the next sentence in the paragraph. But, Next
Sentence would
take the control to the sentence after it finds a full stop (.). Check out by writing the following code
example, one if
sentence followed by 3 display statements (sorry they appear one line here because of formatting
restrictions) If 1 > 0
then next sentence end if display 'line 1' display 'line 2'. display 'line 3'. *** Note- there is a dot (.)
only at the end of
the last 2 statements, see the effect by replacing Next Sentence with Continue ***
IBMMAINFRAMESQ26) What does EXIT do ?
A26) Does nothing ! If used, must be the only sentence within a paragraph.
Q27) Can I redefine an X(100) field with a field of X(200)?
A27) Yes. Redefines just causes both fields to start at the same location. For example:
01 WS-TOP PIC X(1)
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01 WS-TOP-RED REDEFINES WS-TOP PIC X(2). If you MOVE '12' to WS-TOP-RED,
DISPLAY WS-TOP will show 1 while DISPLAY WS-TOP-RED will show 12.
A28) Can I redefine an X(200) field with a field of X(100) ?
Q31)1 Yes.
Q31)2What do you do to resolve SOC-7 error? - GS
Q31) Basically you need to correcting the offending data. Many times the reason for SOC7 is an un-
initialized numeric item.
Examine that possibility first. Many installations provide you a dump for run time abend’s ( it can be
generated also
by calling some subroutines or OS services thru assembly language). These dumps provide the
offset of the last
instruction at which the abend occurred. Examine the compilation output XREF listing to get the
verb and the line
number of the source code at this offset. Then you can look at the source code to find the bug. To
.
get capture the com
runtime dumps, you will have to define some datasets (SYSABOUT etc ) in the JCL. If none of
these are helpful, use
judgement and DISPLAY to localize the source of error. Some installation might have batch
program debugging
tools. Use them.
Q32) How is sign stored in Packed Decimal fields and Zoned Decimal fields?
Q32) Packed Decimal fields: Sign is stored as a hex value in the last nibble (4 bits ) of the storage.
Zoned Decimal fields: As a default, sign is over punched with the numeric value stored in the
last bite.
Q33) How is sign stored in a comp-3 field? - GS
Q33) It is stored in the last nibble. For example if your number is +100, it stores hex 0C in the last byte,
hex 1C if
your number is 101, hex 2C if your number is 102, hex 1D if the number is -101, hex 2D if the
number is -102 etc...
Q34) How is sign stored in a COMP field ? - GS
Q34) In the most significant bit. Bit is ON if -ve, OFF if +ve.
Q35) What is the difference between COMP & COMP-3 ?
Q35) COMP is a binary storage format while COMP-3 is packed decimal format.
Q36) What is COMP-1? COMP-2?
Q36) COMP-1 - Single precision floating point. Uses 4 bytes.
COMP-2 - Double precision floating point. Uses 8 bytes.
Q37) How do you define a variable of COMP-1? COMP-2?
Q37) No picture clause to be given. Example 01 WS-VAR USAGE COMP-1.
IBMMAINFRAMES
Q38) How many bytes does a S9(7) COMP-3 field occupy ?
Q38) Will take 4 bytes. Sign is stored as hex value in the last nibble. General formula is INT((n/2) + 1)),
where n=7 in this
example.
Q39) How many bytes does a S9(7) SIGN TRAILING SEPARATE field occupy ?
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Q39) Will occupy 8 bytes (one extra byte for sign).
Q40) How many bytes will a S9(8) COMP field occupy ?
Q40) 4 bytes.
Q41) What is the maximum value that can be stored in S9(8) COMP?
Q41) 99999999
Q42) What is COMP SYNC?
Q42) Causes the item to be aligned on natural boundaries. Can be SYNCHRONIZED LEFT or RIGHT.
For binary data
items, the address resolution is faster if they are located at word boundaries in the memory. For
example, on main
frame the memory word size is 4 bytes. This means that each word will start from an address
divisible by 4. If my
first variable is x(3) and next one is s9(4) comp, then if you do not specify the SYNC clause, S9(4)
COMP will start
from byte 3 ( assuming that it starts from 0 ). If you specify SYNC, then the binary data item will
.
start from address 4. com
You might see some wastage of memory, but the access to this computational field is faster.
Q43) What is the maximum size of a 01 level item in COBOL I? in COBOL II?
Q43) In COBOL II: 16777215
Q44) How do you reference the following file formats from COBOL programs:
Q44) Fixed Block File - Use ORGANISATION IS SEQUENTIAL. Use RECORDING MODE
IS F, BLOCK CONTAINS 0 .
Fixed Unblocked - Use ORGANISATION IS SEQUENTIAL. Use RECORDING MODE
IS F, do not use BLOCK CONTAINS
Variable Block File - Use ORGANISATION IS SEQUENTIAL. Use RECORDING MODE
IS V, BLOCK CONTAINS 0. Do not code the 4 bytes for record length in FD ie JCL
rec length will be max rec length in pgm + 4
Variable Unblocked - Use ORGANISATION IS SEQUENTIAL. Use RECORDING MODE
IS V, do not use BLOCK CONTAINS. Do not code 4 bytes for record length in FD ie
JCL rec length will
be max rec length in pgm + 4.
ESDS VSAM file - Use ORGANISATION IS SEQUENTIAL.
KSDS VSAM file - Use ORGANISATION IS INDEXED, RECORD KEY IS, ALTERNATE
RECORD KEY IS RRDS File - Use ORGANISATION IS RELATIVE, RELATIVE KEY IS
Printer File - Use ORGANISATION IS SEQUENTIAL. Use RECORDING MODE
IS F, BLOCK CONTAINS 0. (Use RECFM=FBA in JCL DCB).
IBMMAINFRAMES Q45) What are different file OPEN modes available in COBOL?
Q45) Open for INPUT, OUTPUT, I-O, EXTEND.
Q46) What is the mode in which you will OPEN a file for writing? - GS
Q46) OUTPUT, EXTEND
Q47) In the JCL, how do you define the files referred to in a subroutine ?
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Q47) Supply the DD cards just as you would for files referred to in the main program.
Q48) Can you REWRITE a record in an ESDS file? Can you DELETE a record from it?
Q48) Can rewrite (record length must be same), but not delete.
Q49) What is file status 92? - GS
Q49) Logic error. e.g., a file is opened for input and an attempt is made to write to it.
Q50) What is file status 39 ?
Q50) Mismatch in LRECL or BLOCKSIZE or RECFM between your COBOL pgm com & the JCL (or the dataset label). You
will get file status 39 on an OPEN.
Q51) What is Static and Dynamic linking ?
Q51) In static linking, the called subroutine is link-edited into the calling program , while in dynamic linking, the subroutine & the main program will exist as separate load . modules. You choose
static/dynamic linking by choosing either the DYNAM or NODYNAM link edit option. (Even if you
IBMMAINFRAMES choose NODYNAM, a CALL identifier (as opposed to a CALL literal), will translate to a DYNAMIC call).A statically called subroutine will not be in its initial state the next time it is called unless you
explicitly use INITIAL or you do a CANCEL. A dynamically called routine will always be in its initial state.
Q52) What is AMODE(24), AMODE(31), RMODE(24) and RMODE(ANY)? (applicable to only MVS/ESA
Enterprise Server).
Q52) These are compile/link edit options. Basically AMODE stands for Addressing mode and RMODE for Residency
mode.
AMODE(24) - 24 bit addressing; AMODE(31) - 31 bit addressing
AMODE(ANY) - Either 24 bit or 31 bit addressing depending on RMODE.
RMODE(24) - Resides in virtual storage below 16 Meg line. Use this for 31 bit programs that call 24 bit programs.
(OS/VS Cobol pgms use 24 bit addresses only). RMODE(ANY) - Can reside above or below 16 Meg line.
Q53) What compiler option would you use for dynamic linking?
Q53) DYNAM.
Q54) What is SSRANGE, NOSSRANGE ?
Q54) These are compiler options with respect to subscript out of range checking. NOSSRANGE is the default and if chosen,
no run time error will be flagged if your index or subscript goes out of the permissible range.
Q55) How do you set a return code to the JCL from a COBOL program?
Q55) Move a value to RETURN-CODE register. RETURN-CODE should not be declared in your program.
Q56) How can you submit a job from COBOL programs?
Q56) Write JCL cards to a dataset with //xxxxxxx SYSOUT= (A,INTRDR) where 'A' is output class, and dataset should be
opened for output in the program. Define a 80 byte record layout for the file.
Q57) What are the differences between OS VS COBOL and VS COBOL II?
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Q57) OS/VS Cobol pgms can only run in 24 bit addressing mode, VS Cobol II pgms can run either in 24 bit or 31 bit
addressing modes.
I. Report writer is supported only in OS/VS Cobol.
II. USAGE IS POINTER is supported only in VS COBOL II.
III. Reference modification e.g.: WS-VAR(1:2) is supported only in VS COBOL II. IV. EVALUATE is supported only in VS COBOL II.
V. Scope terminators are supported only in VS COBOL II.
VI. OS/VS Cobol follows ANSI 74 stds while VS COBOL II follows ANSI 85 stds. VII. Under CICS Calls between VS COBOL II programs are supported.
Q58) What are the steps you go through while creating a COBOL program executable?
Q58) DB2 precompiler (if embedded SQL used), CICS translator (if CICS pgm), Cobol compiler, Link
editor. If DB2 .
program, create plan by binding the DBRMs.
Q59) Can you call an OS VS COBOL pgm from a VS COBOL II pgm ?
Q59) In non-CICS environment, it is possible. In CICS, this is not possible. com
Q60) What are the differences between COBOL and COBOL II?
A60) There are at least five differences:
COBOL II supports structured programming by using in line Performs and explicit scope
terminators, It introduces
new features (EVALUATE, SET. TO TRUE, CALL. BY CONTEXT, etc) It permits programs to be
loaded and
addressed above the 16-megabyte line It does not support many old features (READY TRACE,
REPORT-WRITER,
ISAM, Etc.), and It offers enhanced CICS support.
Q61) What is an explicit scope terminator?
A61) A scope terminator brackets its preceding verb, e.g. IF .. END-IF, so that all statements between the
verb and its scope terminator are grouped together. Other common COBOL II verbs are READ,
PERFORM, EVALUATE, SEARCH and STRING.
Q62) What is an in line PERFORM? When would you use it? Anything else to say about it?
A62) The PERFORM and END-PERFORM statements bracket all COBOL II statements between them.
The COBOL equivalent is to PERFORM or PERFORM THRU a paragraph. In line PERFORMs
work as long as there are no internal GO TOs, not even to an exit. The in line PERFORM for
readability should not exceed a page length - often it will reference other PERFORM paragraphs.
Q63) What is the difference between NEXT SENTENCE and CONTINUE?
A63) NEXT SENTENCE gives control to the verb following the next period. CONTINUE gives control
to the next verb after the explicit scope terminator. (This is not one of COBOL II's finer
implementations). It's safest to use CONTINUE rather than NEXT SENTENCE in COBOL II.
Q64) What COBOL construct is the COBOL II EVALUATE meant to replace?
A64) EVALUATE can be used in place of the nested IF THEN ELSE statements.
IBMMAINFRAMES
Q65) What is the significance of 'above the line' and 'below the line'?
A65) Before IBM introduced MVS/XA architecture in the 1980's a program's virtual storage was limited to
16 megs. Programs compiled with a 24 bit mode can only address 16 Mb of space, as though they
were kept under an imaginary storage line. With COBOL II a program compiled with a 31 bit mode
can be 'above the 16 Mb line. (This 'below the line', 'above the line' imagery confuses most
mainframe programmers, who tend to be a literal minded group.)
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Q66) What was removed from COBOL in the COBOL II implementation?
A66) Partial list: REMARKS, NOMINAL KEY, PAGE-COUNTER, CURRENT-DAY, TIME-OF-DAY,
STATE, FLOW, COUNT, EXAMINE, EXHIBIT, READY TRACE and RESET TRACE.
Q67) Explain call by context by comparing it to other calls.
A67) The parameters passed in a call by context are protected from modification by the called program. In
a normal call they are able to be modified.
Q68) What is the linkage section?
A68) The linkage section is part of a called program that 'links' or maps to data items in the calling
program's working storage. It is the part of the called program where these share items are defined.
Q69) What is the difference between a subscript and an index in a table definition?
A69) A subscript is a working storage data definition item, typically a PIC (999) where a value must be
moved to the subscript and then incremented or decrements by ADD TO and SUBTRACT FROM
statements. An index is a register item that exists outside the program's working storage. You SET
an index to a value and SET it UP BY value and DOWN BY value. .
com
Q70) If you were passing a table via linkage, which is preferable - a subscript or an index?
A70) Wake up - you haven't been paying attention! It's not possible to pass an index via linkage. The
index is not part of the calling programs working storage. Those of us who've made this mistake,
appreciate the lesson more than others.
Q71) Explain the difference between an internal and an external sort, the pros and cons, internal
sort syntax etc.
A71) An external sort is not COBOL; it is performed through JCL and PGM=SORT. It is understandable
without any code reference. An internal sort can use two different syntax’s: 1.) USING, GIVING
sorts are comparable to external sorts with no extra file processing; 2) INPUT PROCEDURE,
OUTPUT PROCEDURE sorts allow for data manipulation before and/or after the sort.
Q72) What is the difference between comp and comp-3 usage? Explain other COBOL usage’s.
A72) Comp is a binary usage, while comp-3 indicates packed decimal. The other common usage’s are
binary and display. Display is the default.
Q73) When is a scope terminator mandatory?
A73) Scope terminators are mandatory for in-line PERFORMS and EVALUATE statements. For
readability, it's recommended coding practice to always make scope terminators explicit.
Q74) In a COBOL II PERFORM statement, when is the conditional tested, before or after the
perform execution?
A74) In COBOL II the optional clause WITH TEST BEFORE or WITH TEST AFTER can be added to
all perform statements. By default the test is performed before the perform.
Q75) In an EVALUTE statement is the order of the WHEN clauses significant?
A75) Absolutely. Evaluation of the WHEN clauses proceeds from top to bottom and their sequence can
determine results.
IBMMAINFRAMESQ76) What is the default value(s) for an INITIALIZE and what keyword allows for an override of
the default.
A76) INITIALIZE moves spaces to alphabetic fields and zeros to alphanumeric fields. The REPLACING
option can be used to override these defaults.
Q77) What is SET TO TRUE all about, anyway?
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A77) In COBOL II the 88 levels can be set rather than moving their associated values to the related data
item. (Web note: This change is not one of COBOL II's better specifications.)
Q78) What is LENGTH in COBOL II?
A78) LENGTH acts like a special register to tell the length of a group or elementary item.
Q79) What is the difference between a binary search and a sequential search? What are the
pertinent COBOL
commands?
A79) In a binary search the table element key values must be in ascending or descending sequence. The
table is 'halved' to search for equal to, greater than or less than conditions until the element is found.
In a sequential search the table is searched from top to bottom, so (ironically) the elements do not
have to be in a specific sequence. The binary search is much faster for larger tables, while sequential
works well with smaller ones. SEARCH ALL is used for binary searches; SEARCH for sequential.
Q80) What is the point of the REPLACING option of a copy statement?
A80) REPLACING allows for the same copy to be used more than once in the same code by changing the
replace value. .
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Q81) What will happen if you code GO BACK instead of STOP RUN in a stand alone COBOL
program i.e. a
program which is not calling any other program.
A81) The program will go in an infinite loop.
Q82) How can I tell if a module is being called DYNAMICALLY or STATICALLY?
A82) The ONLY way is to look at the output of the linkage editor (IEWL)or the load module itself. If the
module is being called DYNAMICALLY then it will not exist in the main module, if it is being
called STATICALLY then it will be seen in the load module. Calling a working storage variable,
containing a program name, does not make a DYNAMIC call. This type of calling is known as
IMPLICITE calling as the name of the module is implied by the contents of the working storage
variable. Calling a program name literal (CALL
Q83) What is the difference between a DYNAMIC and STATIC call in COBOL.
A83) To correct an earlier answer: All called modules cannot run standalone if they require program
variables passed to them via the LINKAGE section. DYNAMICally called modules are those that are
not bound with the calling program at link edit time (IEWL for IBM) and so are loaded from the
program library (joblib or steplib) associated with the job. For DYNAMIC calling of a module the
DYNAM compiler option must be chosen, else the linkage editor will not generate an executable as
it will expect u address resolution of all called modules. A STATICally called module is one that is
bound with the calling module at link edit, and therefore becomes part of the executable load module.
Q84) How may divisions are there in JCL-COBOL?
A84) SIX
Q85) What is the purpose of Identification Division?
A85) Documentation.
Q86) What is the difference between PIC 9.99 and 9v99?
IBMMAINFRAMESA86) PIC 9.99 is a FOUR-POSITION field that actually contains a decimal point where as PIC 9v99 is
THREE- POSITION numeric field with implied or assumed decimal position.
Q87) what is Pic 9v99 Indicates?
A87) PICTURE 9v99 is a three position Numeric field with an implied or assumed decimal point after the
first position; the v means an implied decimal point.
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Q88) What guidelines should be followed to write a structured Cobol prg'm?
A88)
1) use 'evaluate' stmt for constructing cases.
2) use scope terminators for nesting.
3) use in line perform stmt for writing 'do ' constructions.
4) use test before and test after in the perform stmt for writing do-while constructions.
Q89) Read the following code. 01 ws-n pic 9(2) value zero. a-para move 5 to ws-n. perform b-para
ws-n times. b-para.
move 10 to ws-n. how many times will b-para be executed ?
A89) 5 times only. it will not take the value 10 that is initialized in the loop.
Q90) What is the difference between SEARCH and SEARCH ALL? What is more efficient?
A90) SEARCH is a sequential search from the beginning of the table. SEARCH ALL is a binary search,
continually dividing the table in two halves until a match is found. SEARCH ALL is more efficient
for tables larger than 70 items. .
Q91) What are some examples of command terminators?
A91) END-IF, END-EVALUATE com
Q92) What care has to be taken to force program to execute above 16 Meg line?
A92) Make sure that link option is AMODE=31 and RMODE=ANY. Compile option should never have
SIZE(MAX). BUFSIZE can be 2K, efficient enough.
Q93) How do you submit JCL via a Cobol program?
A93) Use a file //dd1 DD sysout=(*, intrdr)write your JCL to this file. Pl some on try this out.
Q94) How to execute a set of JCL statements from a COBOL program
A94) Using EXEC CICS SPOOL WRITE(var-name) END-EXEC command. var-name is a COBOL host
structure containing JCL statements.
Q95) Give some advantages of REDEFINES clause.
A95) 1. You can REDEFINE a Variable from one PICTURE class to another PICTURE class by using
the same memory
location.
2. By REDEFINES we can INITIALISE the variable in WORKING-STORAGE Section itself.
3. We can REDEFINE a Single Variable into so many sub variables. (This facility is very useful in
solving Y2000
Problem.)
Q96) What is the difference between static call & Dynamic call
A96) In the case of Static call, the called program is a stand-alone program, it is an executable program.
During run time we can call it in our called program. As about Dynamic call, the called program is
not an executable program it can executed through the called program
Q97) What do you feel makes a good program?
A97) A program that follows a top down approach. It is also one that other programmers or users can
follow logically and is easy to read and understand.
IBMMAINFRAMES
Q98) How do you code Cobol to access a parameter that has been defined in JCL? And do you code
the PARM
A98) parameter on the EXEC line in JCL?
1) using JCL with sysin. //sysin dd *here u code the parameters(value) to pass in to cobol program /* and in program
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you use accept variable name(one accept will read one row)/.another way.
2) in jcl using parm statement ex: in exec statement parm='john','david' in cobol pgm u have to code linkage section in that for first value you code length variable and variable name say, abc pic x(4).it will take john inside to read next value u have to code another variable in the same way above mentioned.
Q99) Why do we code S9(4) comp. Inspite of knowing comp-3 will occupy less space.
A99) Here s9(4)comp is small integer ,so two words equal to 1 byte so totally it will occupy 2 bytes(4
words).here in s9(4) comp-3 as one word is equal to 1/2 byte.4 words equal to 2 bytes and sign will
occupy 1/2 byte so totally it will occupy 3 bytes.
Q100) The maximum number of dimensions that an array can have in COBOL-85 is ----------- ?
A100) SEVEN in COBOL - 85 and THREE in COBOL - 84
Q101) How do you declare a host variable (in COBOL) for an attribute named Emp-Name of type
VARCHAR(25) ? .
A101) 01 EMP-GRP.
49 E-LEN PIC S9(4) COMP. com
49 E-NAME PIC X(25).
Q102) What is Comm?
A102) COMM - HALF WORD BINARY
Q103) Differentiate COBOL and COBOL-II. (Most of our programs are written in COBOLII, so,
it is good to know,
how, this is different from COBOL)
A103) The following features are available with VS COBOL II:
1. MVS/XA and MVS/ESA support The compiler and the object programs it produces can be
run in either
24- or 31-bit addressing mode.
2. VM/XA and VM/ESA support The compiler and the object programs it produces can be run
in either
24- or 31-bit addressing mode.
3. VSE/ESA support The compiler and the object programs it produces can be run under
VSE/ESA.
Q104) What is PERFORM ? What is VARYING ? (More details about these clauses)
A104) The PERFORM statement is a PROCEDURE DIVISION statement which transfers control to
one or more specified procedures and controls as specified the number of times the procedures are
executed. After execution of the specified procedures is completed (i.e., for the appropriate
number of times or until some specified condition is met), control is transferred to the next
executable statement following the PERFORM statement. There are 5 types of PERFORM
statements:
IBMMAINFRAMES
a) Basic PERFORM
b) PERFORM TIMES
c) PERFORM UNTIL
d) PERFORM VARYING
e) IN-LINE PERFORM
Q105) How many sections are there in data division?.
A105) SIX SECTIONS 1.FILE SECTION 2.WORKING-STORAGE SECTION 3. LOCAL-STORAGE SECTION 4.SCREEN SECTION 5.REPORT SECTION 6. LINKAGE SECTION
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Q106) What is Redefines clause?
A106) Redefines clause is used to allow the same storage allocation to be referenced by different data names .
Q107) How many bytes does a s9(4)comp-3 field occupy?
A107) 3Bytes (formula : n/2 + 1))
Q108) What is the different between index and subscript?
A108) Subscript refers to the array of occurrence , where as Index represents an occurrence of a table
element. An index can only modified using perform, search & set. Need to have an index for a
table in order to use SEARCH and SEARCH All.
Q109) What is the difference between Structured COBOL Programming and Object Oriented
COBOL
programming?
A109) Structured programming is a Logical way of programming, you divide the functionalities into
modules and code logically. OOP is a Natural way of programming; you identify the objects first,
and then write functions, procedures around the objects. Sorry, this may not be an adequate
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answer, but they are two different programming paradigms, which is difficult to put in a sentence
or two.
Q110) What divisions, sections and paragraphs are mandatory for a COBOL program?
A110) IDENTIFICATION DIVISION and PROGRAM-ID paragraph are mandatory for a compilation
error free COBOL
program.
Q111) Can JUSTIFIED be used for all the data types?
A111) No, it can be used only with alphabetic and alphanumeric data types.
Q112) What happens when we move a comp-3 field to an edited (say z (9). ZZ-)
A112) the editing characters r to be used with data items with usage clause as display which is the
default. When u tries displaying a data item with usage as computational it does not give the
desired display format because the data item is stored as packed decimal. So if u want this
particular data item to be edited u have to move it into a data item whose usage is display and then
have that particular data item edited in the format desired.
Q113) What will happen if you code GO BACK instead of STOP RUN in a stand-alone COBOL
program i.e. a program which is not calling any other program ?
A113) Both give the same results when a program is not calling any other program. GO BACK will give
the control to the system even though it is a single program.
Q114) what is the difference between external and global variables?
A114) Global variables are accessible only to the batch program whereas external variables can be
referenced from any batch program residing in the same system library.
Q115) You are writing report program with 4 levels of totals: city, state, region and country. The
codes being used can be the same over the different levels, meaning a city code of 01 can be
in any number of states, and the same applies to state and region code so how do you do your
IBMMAINFRAMESchecking for breaks and how do you do add to each level?
A115) Always compare on the highest-level first, because if you have a break at a highest level, each level
beneath it must also break. Add to the lowest level for each record but add to the higher level only
on a break.
Q116) What is difference between COBOL and VS COBOL II?.
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A116) In using COBOL on PC we have only flat files and the programs can access only limited storage,
whereas in VS COBOL II on M/F the programs can access up to 16MB or 2GB depending on the
addressing and can use VSAM
files to make I/O operations faster.
Q117) Why occurs can not be used in 01 level ?
A117) Because, Occurs clause is there to repeat fields with same format, not the records.
Q118) What is report-item?
A118) A Report-Item Is A Field To Be Printed That Contains Edit Symbols
Q119) Difference between next and continue clause
A119) The difference between the next and continue verb is that in the continue verb it is used for a
situation where there in no EOF condition that is the records are to be accessed again and again in
an file, whereas in the next verb the indexed file is accessed sequentially, read next record
command is used.
Q120) What is the Importance of GLOBAL clause According to new standards of COBOL
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A120) When any data name, file-name, Record-name, condition name or Index defined in an Including
Program can be referenced by a directly or indirectly in an included program, Provided the said
name has been declared to be a global name by GLOBAL Format of Global Clause is01 data-1 pic
9(5) IS GLOBAL.
Q121) What is the Purpose of POINTER Phrase in STRING command
A121) The Purpose of POINTER phrase is to specify the leftmost position within receiving field where
the first transferred character will be stored
Q122) How do we get current date from system with century?
A122) By using Intrinsic function, FUNCTION CURRENT-DATE
Q123) What is the maximum length of a field you can define using COMP-3?
A123) 10 Bytes (S9(18) COMP-3).
Q124) Why do we code s9 (4) comp? In spite of knowing comp-3 will occupy less space?
A124) Here s9(4)comp is small integer, so two words equal to 1 byte so totally it will occupy 2 bytes(4
words).here in s9(4) comp-3 as one word is equal to 1/2 byte.4 words equal to 2 bytes and sign will
occupy 1/2 byte so totally it will occupy 3 bytes.
Q125) What is the LINKAGE SECTION used for?
A125) The linkage section is used to pass data from one program to another program or to pass data from
a PROC to a program.
Q126) Describe the difference between subscripting and indexing ?
A126) Indexing uses binary displacement. Subscripts use the value of the occurrence.
1. What R 2 of the common forms of the EVALUATE STATEMENT ?
2. What does the initialize statement do ?
3. What is the reference modification.
IBMMAINFRAMES4. Name some of the examples of COBOl 11?
5. What are VS COBOL 11 special features?
6. What are options have been removed in COBOL 11?
7. What is the file organization clause ?
8. What is a subscript ?
9. What is an index for tables?
10. What are the two search techniques ?
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11. What is an in-line perform ?
12. What is CALL statement in COBOL?
13. When can the USING phrase be included in the call statement ?
14. In EBCDIC, how would the number 1234 be stored?
15. How would the number +1234 be stored if a PIC clause of PICTUREs9(4) comp-3 were used?
16. What is Alternate Index ? How is it different from regular index ?
